Which long conflict between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453 and fostered French nationalism?

• A. War of the Roses
• B. Crusades
• C. Hundred Years' War
• D. Eighty Years' War

Answer: (C)

The main idea here is recognizing a long, history-changing clash between England and France that helped forge a sense of French national identity. That conflict is the Hundred Years' War. It began in 1337 when Edward III of England pressed a claim to the French throne, sparking a protracted struggle that stretched across decades and saw shifts in fortune for both sides. Early English victories at Crécy and Poitiers demonstrated the mixing of feudal warfare with evolving military tactics, but the turning point came with the French resurgence powered by leaders like Joan of Arc, who inspired ordinary French people to rally behind a national cause. By the end of the war in 1453, most English-held territories in France had been reclaimed, and a more centralized French state had emerged, helping to cultivate a growing sense of French nationality tied to a distinct political and cultural unity. The other options describe conflicts that involve England or Europe in different contexts and do not match the duration or nationalism impact described here.