Which first Carolingian king of the Franks defeated Muslims at Tours in 732?

• A. Charlemagne
• B. Clovis
• C. Charles Martel
• D. Louis the Pious

Answer: (C)

The event tests understanding of how leadership in early medieval Gaul shaped religious and political trajectories in Western Europe. Charles Martel, who wielded real power as mayor of the palace, led Frankish and allied forces to victory against a large Umayyad army at Tours in 732. That win halted northward expansion of Muslim forces into Frankish territory and helped preserve Christian rule in Gaul, setting the stage for the Carolingian dynasty to rise in the following generations. While Charlemagne is often the most famous Carolingian ruler, the crucial 732 victory that stopped the Islamic advance is associated with Charles Martel, whose military leadership secured the Frankish realm at a pivotal moment.