Invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291.

• A. Crusades
• B. Seljuk Turks
• C. Mongols
• D. Shrivijaya

Answer: (A)

This is about the Crusades, a series of religiously framed military campaigns launched by Western Europe to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslim rule and to establish Christian states in the Levant. The description—Western Christian invasions into Muslim lands, the capture of Jerusalem, and the creation of Christian kingdoms that lasted until 1291—fits the medieval Crusades, which culminated in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and other crusader principalities that endured for about two centuries until the fall of Acre in 1291. The other terms refer to different powers: the Seljuk Turks were the Muslim rulers whose expansion helped trigger the Crusades; the Mongols were a later invading force in the region; and Shrivijaya was a Southeast Asian maritime empire, unrelated to this history.